Applied Business Research and Ethics Corporate Ethics

Question: Describe about the Applied Business Research and Ethics for Corporate Ethics. Answer: Introduction Corporate ethics or business ethics is a professional or applied form of ethics that focuses on examining principles of ethics together with morals and/or ethical problems arising in a business workplace environment. Business ethics is tasked with applying all business conduct aspects and is essential and relevant to individuals conduct as well as the entire organisation. As such, when individuals think of ethics, they virtually focus on rules distinguishing between wrong and right; the norms and conduct that make a distinction between unacceptable and acceptable behaviour. Ethical norms are acquired at home, in church, at school, or at any other social setting. Ethics can be applied in all aspects of human activities, including their professional practices, research, and business. Over the recent past, academicians have continually become cautious about conduct research activities that are in-line with the social norms and ethics. More are the dilemmas they face in their academic and research work; researchers in particular are confronted with a myriad array of ethical requirements (Sagan Singer, 2007). They have to meet professional, institutional and federal standards before conduct research on human subjects. This report, using ABC Company significantly brings to light ethical concerns in research that involve human participants. Background of the Study ABC Company process a gene therapy technique that has the capacity to reduce microcephaly development in unborn babies of pregnant women infected with the Zika virus. The gene therapy technique is based on stem cells derived from human subjects; the company needs a massive supply of stem cells in order to help treat the community. However, clinical trials results indicate that when adult stem cells are uses, microcephaly is reduced by 15%, stem cells from embryos under 14 days reduces 50% of microcephaly while stem cells from embryos of over 14 days old, 100% results are achieved. Given these results, ABC needs a large supply of stem cells for the gene therapy procedure but they are undecided on the type of cells to be used. Furthermore, they want to acquire the stem cells legally and ethically. In this regard, the company want to know which type of stem cells they should use and thus this report provides exhaustive information that will help the company make the best choice. Purpose of the Study The main aim of this study was to address the legal and ethical issues associated with using hESC, the unborn babies, and the pregnant women as study subjects and the potential of further spread of the Zika virus across the world. Accordingly, the study was to provide the basis for conducting further research in stem cells. Embryonic stem cells Stem cells are considered cells that have not fully developed but have the potential of dividing and giving rise to several similar cells or specialised to create specific cells for specific function in somatic tissues. In a broader perspective, the two stem cells types can be significantly be differentiated: the embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from embryos that are yet to be implanted in the uterus with proven potential of developing into all tissues cells of an adult (Reubinoff, et al., 2000). The adult stem cells are the second type and are located in various tissues of the body of the foetus and after birth and have specific function; tissue repair and replacement. The hESCs are found in the blastocysts inner cell mass 5 days after the oocytes fertilization (Reubinoff et al., 2000). The Ethical Concerns of Developing Embryos for Stem Cell Research and Therapy Embryonic stem cells have been found to give rise to new therapies essential for treating a wide range of health dilemmas; however, their use in the scientific research is a bitter pill to swallow. Different nations across the world have chosen to control embryonic stem cell research due to ethical dilemmas that comes with it (De Wert Mummery, 2003). In this regard, the ethical debate is mainly hinged on two moral values; the duty to prevent or alleviate suffering and the duty to respect human life value. Research in stem cells that involves the use of human embryos, critiques of scientific research studies argue that the no possibility of respecting moral principles; when obtaining embryonic stem cells, the embryo is destroyed. In this essence, there is total destruction of a potential human life (De Wert Mummery, 2003). Notwithstanding this, embryonic stem cell studies can result into the creation of new treatment therapies with prospects of alleviating ailments and suffering of a wider populace. In this aspect, determining which moral principle has the upper hand elicits heated debates between ethicists and scientists (Prus et al., 2003). The best resolve under the circumstance is found in the manner in which the embryo is viewed. The big question here is that, has the embryo attained a person status? The Human Embryos Moral Status With regard to the viewpoints outlined bellow, determining the human embryos moral status is a sophisticated and contentious issue. After fertilisation the embryo has full moral status Under this argument, an embryo produced for reproductive reasons is seen as a probable person or viewed as a person whilst still an embryo; the embryo in its entirety is viewed as a potential child and can develop into a full human (Wilson, 2011). On other hand, the Presidents Council of Bioethics (2002) observed that embryos developed for therapeutic purposes are considered tools for achieving scientific objectives. Accordingly, the embryos produced for therapy and research are created with intend of destroying them (FitzPartrick, 2003). Given this understanding, the criteria for determining the personhood are vastly unclear given the current circumstances. It is argued that the growth of fertilised oocyte into a baby is a process that is ongoing and thus any human effort to single out where and when personhood of an individual begins is illogical. In accordance with this argument, an embryo is a person regardless of its stage as an embryo, in a similar way as an infant is a human being in its infant stage (Robertson, 2010). Despite of an embryo not having human beings characteristics, over time it will develop into a person and thus should accorded dignity and respect of a person (Robertson, 2010). Notwithstanding the above argument, researchers consider the embryo in its early stages; one that has not been implanted into the uterus and has no emotional, psychological, or emotional properties associated with being an individual. In this essence, there is no need or interest to be protected and can be used for research purposes to benefit the patient (Hyun, 2010). In the same line of thought, embryos developed for research purposes cannot develop a person if they are not transferred and implanted into the uterus of a woman. As such it requires help from outside to develop. Similarly, chances of in vitro fertilised embryos developing into successful births are extremely low. Furthermore, treating something that has the potentiality of developing into a person as a person is wrong and should not be treated as such. For instance, a contender for the prize is not the prize winner and thus should not be treated as the prize winner. 14 days cut-off point after fertilisation It is widely known that human embryos deserve special amount of protection especially 14 days after fertilisation due to the following reasons: The embryo cannot split to form twins after 14 days; before the end of the 14th day, the embryo can be divided to form more than one baby or even not developing at all. It is only after 14 days of fertilisation that the central nervous system of a human being starts developing, thus before the embryo is more than 14 days old, then it has no nervous system and hence non senses. For this reason, scientists argue that if they can take organs from patients declared as brain dead to be used as transplants in other people, hundred-cell embryos that dont have a nervous system can also be used. The status of an embryo increases with its development Devander (2005) argues that in the event that all research embryos were included in a lottery in which some of them were donated to individuals for reproductive purposes, all research embryos would have a chance at developing into mature humans. Under this circumstance, all research embryos are potential children and if they are given an opportunity to, the status of personhood would increase as they last longer (Loser etal., 2010). An embryo thus must be accorded protection from its inception while its moral status increases as it grows. There are several development stages that are critical in enhancing the moral status of an embryo. The embryos implantation into the uterine wall is in approximately six days after fertilisation, the manifestation of a primordial streak which is the commencement of the nervous system development begins after 14 days of fertilisation. Proponents of embryonic research argue that it is irrelevant to view embryos as potential individuals when they are created. Similarly, if embryos are considered potential children, they can also be viewed as potential research tools. However, if embryos are produced specifically for procreative purposes, then it is valid to consider them as potential children. Additionally, when life is lost, people feel differently with regard to the stage of the life lost; before the implantation of a fertilised egg into the uterus, the embryo could be treated with less respect as compared to a human foetus or a baby after birth (Loser etal., 2010). Furthermore, some of the fertilised eggs get lost or die due to natural causes; it is estimated that approximately half of all the fertilised eggs die. If through natural processes there is such a significant loss of embryos, then using some of embryos in stem cell investigation in search for cure should not attract wide concerns. Generally, an individ uals interests and life are protected not because they are valuable and important from a universal viewpoint, but rather due to their significance to the concerned person (Stephenson, et al., 2012). In essence, no matter the human embryos moral status, the life that embryo lives is only valuable to it. Consequently, judging the embryos moral status from its age, then individuals will be making uninformed decision regarding who is a person. In accordance with the above discussion, the formation of the nervous system marks the beginning of personhood; embryos should be given moral status a person after 14 days of inception and hence treated with respect and dignity (Stephenson, et al., 2012). There is moral status for an embryo at all Under this argument, it is alluded that an embryo is but organic material similar to any other body party and thus has no moral status at all. Fertilised human eggs are like any other body parts attached to womens bodies long enough to develop so as to independently survive. For this reason, the moral status and respect that should be accorded to an embryo is the value that should be given to other peoples property (Ilkilic Ertin, 2010). Further, is a blastocyst is destroyed prior to its implantation into the uterus, there is no harm since it does not have desires, beliefs, expectations, purposes or aims to be harmed. Contrastingly, opponents of this argument observe that embryonic stem cells harvesting from an embryo in its early stage, the normal way of development of that embryo is hindered. In essence, the embryo is hindered from becoming what it was programmed become (a human being) (Ilkilic Ertin, 2010). Adult Stem Cells Research Stem cells from human adults despite of being valuable and with great potential for future therapies, they are restricted in what they can do (Banchoff, 2011). As compared to hESCs with the capacity to develop into anybody tissue cell type, adult stem cells are constrained to follow specific paths. For instance, blood-forming stem cells can only develop into mature blood cells while brain stem cells specifically grow into mature neurons; however, a brain stem cell cannot grow into a blood cell and vice versa. Accordingly, adult blood cells cannot grow indefinitely in the lab and are inflexible in the type of disease they can treat unlike embryonic stem cells. Whereas there are stories that individuals who had received therapies from adult stem cells, few of these therapies have been used in major trials that can ascertain the potentiality of whether the therapy is effective and safe. In this regard, until such large trials are conducted in both adult and embryonic stem cells, there i s virtually no way to know stem cell type that is superior (Brignier Gewirtz, 2010). Researchers on adult stem cells have in many cases advocated for stem cells use to achieve superior outcomes. As such significant research is required to ascertain the success of using adult stem cells. Religion and Embryonic Stem Cells Research With existence of numerous different religions around the world, there are a myriad of view regarding the status of early human embryo. The Christians for instance, believe that a human embryo even in its early stages has the status of a human being which thus does not advocate for human embryonic research and therapy (Ding et al., 2011). On the other hand, Islam and Judaism encourage and emphasize the significance of helping others and they thus argue that an embryo is not yet a human being; it can only attain the status of a human being after 40 days of inception. Judaism and Islam permit embryonic research and therapy. Legal Issues related to stem cell research and therapy Notwithstanding clarification from courts and parliaments across the world, there still is a massive discrepancy in the embryonic stem cell research governance. However, in the UK there has been debate on embryonic research ethics that was stimulated by the establishment of the in vitro fertilisation technology. This led to the development and enactment of the 1990 Human Fertilisation and Embryology (HFE) Act that has been the foundation of the UKs embryonic research regulatory framework (Kihse, 2015). This HFE Act (HFEA) was created to manage conformity with the Act as well as to licence all research institutions wishing to undertake embryonic research. Another critical issue is stem cell resources management in the UK; The House of Lords recommended for the establishment of a national Stem Cell Bank to help in the management of resources under an ethical governance framework (Wilson, 2011). For instance, the National Institute of Biological Standards Control is tasked as a reposito ry for stem cell types in the UK Stem Cell Bank (embryonic, foetal, and adult) and as a supplier for stem cell for basic research and clinical applications. Despite the above regulatory framework, there is the need for further clarification to abolish the ambiguity in embryo research governance. The HFEA only grants licences if the research is necessary and desirable. The statement does not clearly define the necessary and desirable research phrase and hence permits unethical research activities like the creating embryos through cell nuclear replacement (Robinton Daley, 2012). The European Unions harmonisation of European legal standards on the other hand is considered stricter than the UK law given the fact that some European countries prohibit deliberate development of research embryos whereas necessitating other stem cells research types. The Council of Europes Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine strictly forbids the development of human research embryos (Brivanlou et al., 2003). ABC should use stem cells of embryos below 14 days old In accordance with the above discussion, ABC Company should use embryos of below 14 days old to harvest stem cells. The harvested stem cells would help in furthering their gene therapy technique to aid in the reduction of microcephaly development in the unborn babies of pregnant women infected with the Zika virus. Accordingly, the embryo cells used should be produced specifically for research purposes through in vitro fertilisation process where there is mixing of a womans egg with a mans semen in a lab dish. Norsigian (2005) observed that harvesting embryo cells from pregnant women would culminate into the women exploitation. Similarly, using In Vitro Fertilisation process will help the company harvest thousands and thousands of embryo cells to derive enough stem cells to treat the global community to help the world overcome the Zika virus scourge. The essence of using under 14 days old embryos is that the embryo has not yet attained the status of a human being since it has not have a nervous system. A human being only attains a status of a human being when it can feel, have desires, and be emotional; however, a below 14 days old embryos does not have any of the above. Similarly, ender 14 days old embryos have high chances of dying; using these embryos for research purposes is deservingly acceptable (McLaren, 2001). Although, the use of embryos more than 14 days old provide close to perfect results in reducing microcephaly development in unborn babies, it elicits more ethical concerns. For instance, after 14 days the nervous system of the embryo has begun its development thus it has already started attaining the moral status of a human being. The potentiality of a more than 14 days old embryo developing into a full human being are higher as compared to those under 14 days old. Destruction of potential human life is un-ethical. In accordance with these, the company should need not to use stem cells from adults; first, their probability of enhancing the therapy are low (15%). Secondly, stem cells from adults are produced to perform specific functions and hence they are unsuitable for therapy purposes. Proposed Research Design ABC Company should use qualitative research in acquiring stem cells. The qualitative research in its essence is used to investigate phenomena of interest to offer comprehensive understanding of motivation, beliefs, values and attitudes. For this reason, the company will have to follow the following research process: Problem of the research identification: identifying the needed solutions Available literature review Specification of the purpose of the research. Data collection Analysis and interpretation of the collected data Evaluating and reporting the findings While using the qualitative research design, ABC Company will have to observe the following research ethics codes and guidelines: Informed consent Professional conduct Intellectual property Anonymity, confidentiality, and privacy Non-discrimination Legal issues Protection of human objects Conclusion Stem cells research is a significant domain of scientific research that has the potentiality of offering excellent therapeutic options for debilitating injury and disease. Following this realisation ABC Company developed a gene therapy technique that uses stem cells to reduce microcephaly of unborn babies in pregnant mothers affected with the Zika virus. The company now needs the supply stem cells on a large scale. There are several ethical concerns associated with harvesting stem cells from embryos. This report has significantly investigated the different ethical consideration involving deriving stem cells from under 14 days old embryos, over 14 days old embryos, and from adults. The report brings to light as to when an embryo attains the status of personhood. Similarly, the report has discussed the legal challenges involving embryonic stem cells research. In accordance with, this ABC Company is recommended to use stem cells from under 14 days old embryos. References Banchoff, T. (2011). Embryo Politics. Cornell University Press. Brignier, A. C., Gewirtz, A. M. (2010). Embryonic and adult stem cell therapy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 125(2), S336-S344. Brivanlou, A. H., Gage, F. H., Jaenisch, R., Jessell, T., Melton, D., Rossant, J. (2003). Setting standards for human embryonic stem cells. Science, 300(5621), 913-916. De Wert, G., Mummery, C. (2003). Human embryonic stem cells: research, ethics and policy. Human reproduction, 18(4), 672-682. Ding, D. C., Shyu, W. C., Lin, S. Z. (2011). Mesenchymal stem cells. Cell transplantation, 20(1), 5-14. FitzPatrick, W., (2003) Surplus Embryos, Nonreproductive Cloning, and the Intend/Foresee Distinction, Hastings Center Report 33: 2936. Hyun, I. (2010). The bioethics of stem cell research and therapy. The Journal of clinical investigation, 120(1), 71-75. Ilkilic, I., Ertin, H. (2010). Ethical aspects of human embryonic stem cell research in the islamic world: positions and reflections. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, 6(2), 151-161. Kuhse, H. (2015). Bioethics: an anthology. John Wiley Sons. Lser, P., Schirm, J., Guhr, A., Wobus, A. M., Kurtz, A. (2010). Human embryonic stem cell lines and their use in international research. Stem cells, 28(2), 240-246. McLaren, A. (2001). Ethical and social considerations of stem cell research. Nature, 414(6859), 129-131. McMahan, J., (2002) The Ethics of Killing: Problems at the Margins of Life, New York: Oxford University Press. Norsigian, J., 2005, Risks to Women in Embryo Cloning, Boston Globe, February 25. Prusa, A. R., Marton, E., Rosner, M., Bernaschek, G., Hengstschlger, M. (2003). Oct?4?expressing cells in human amniotic fluid: a new source for stem cell research?. Human reproduction, 18(7), 1489-1493. Reubinoff, B.E., Pera, M.F., Fong, C.Y., Trounson, A. and Bongso, A. (2000) Embryonic stem cell lines from human blastocysts: somatic differentiation in vitro. Nature Biotechnol., 18, 399404. Robertson, J. A. (2010). Embryo stem cell research: ten years of controversy. The Journal of Law, Medicine Ethics, 38(2), 191-203. Robinton, D. A., Daley, G. Q. (2012). The promise of induced pluripotent stem cells in research and therapy. Nature, 481(7381), 295-305. Sagan, A., and Singer, P., 2007, The Moral Status of Stem Cells, Metaphilosophy 38(23): 264284 Stephenson, E., Jacquet, L., Miere, C., Wood, V., Kadeva, N., Cornwell, G., ... Ilic, D. (2012). Derivation and propagation of human embryonic stem cell lines from frozen embryos in an animal productfree environment. Nature protocols, 7(7), 1366-1381. Wilson, D. (2011). Creating the ethics industry: Mary Warnock, in vitro fertilization and the history of bioethics in Britain. BioSocieties, 6(2), 121-141.

NAME SAMEEN OMOLOLA. O Essays - Geography Of Africa, Kipande, World

NAME: SAMEEN OMOLOLA. O DEPT: HISTORY COURSE CODE: HIS 208 COURSE TITLE: HISTORY OF EAST AND CENTRAL AFRICA IN THE 20 TH CENTURY MATRIC NO: HIS/2014/111 QUESTION: WHAT WOULD YOU REPAID AS THE MAJOR GRIEVANCE DURING THE COLONIAL RULE IN EAST AND CENTRAL AFRICA TO BE SUBMITED TO: DR Central Africa, region of Africa that straddles the equator and is drained largely by the Congo River system. East Africa is an area in African great lakes occupying roughly the same terrain as present-day Kenya from the Indian Ocean inland to Uganda and the Great Rift Valley . The countries of east and central Africa are Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea , Ethiopia , Kenya, Madagascar, Seychelles, Somalia, Sudan , Uganda, Burundi, Burkina Faso , Cape Verde , cote d'lvoire , Chad, Congo, guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome, and Principe. The colonialisation of east and central Africa can be dated back to 18 th century as s o me part were colonized by Britain, some by Portugal, Germany, Belgium and so on. Burundi was colonized by Germany and Belgium , Mozambique by Portugal, Kenya colonialism lasted roughly 68years, from the end of the 19 th century until Kenya's independence from Great Britain in 196 3. East and central Africa's precapitalist forms of production were subjected to a historic break in their autonomous development; in the terminology of the time they were literally opened up'. They became part - economies, externally oriented to suit the dynamic of a capitalism which has been imposed upon them from outside. East Africa's pre-colonial relations with the global economy had been based too exclu sively on the production of two rapidly wasting assets, slaves and ivory. In the inland area which became the hub of Kenya there had barely been an exportable surplus at all when, suddenly, in the first decade of the twentieth beyond all p revious experience by the demands of colonial rule and, concurrently, by the opportunities of the commodity boom, itself in part created by the political and capital investments with which the imperial powers competed for preferential access to markets and resources. The British used five main policies to secure and control African labor. First, it established African reserves , "eventually with official boundaries where each African ethnic group in the colony was expected to separately." As Africans lacked sufficient land in their reserves, they "had little choice but to migrate to the European farms in search of work." Or, stated another way, "through the initial act of alienating land to settlers, the colonial state deprived some Africans of their means of production and laid the basis for the entry of Africans in ever-increasing numbers into the wage labor force. Second, they imposed taxes. The government imposed a hut tax and a poll tax, "together amounting to nearly twenty-five shillings, the equivalent of almost two months of African wages at the local rate." The taxation was a double edged sword: it encouraged peasant commodity production increased precisely in those regions from where the colonial state and capital expected to draw their labor, namely the central and Nyanja provinces. Thus, to keep Africans from competing with British farmers, the government imposed the third means of "encouraging African" labor; forbidding them to grow the most profitable cash crops (coffee, tea, and sisal). It was not actually illegal for Kenyans to grow coffee, but coffee growers needed a license and it was very difficult for Kenyans to obtain a license. Fourth, was forced labor, "Forced or compulsory labor was widely used and became institutionalized during the first few decades of colonial rule in Kenya. This was a period when massive supplies of labor were required to lay the very foundations of the colonial economy: rail lines and roads had to be built; damns and bridges constructed, administrative centers erected, and forests cleared and settler farms established... forced labor inevitably becam e the most reliable means of se curing labor. Few government officials or settlers even questioned the need for some form of labor coercion. For many it w as even an act of benevolence, a necessary shock therapy' for people deeply mired in idleness and indolence . Fifth, with thousands of k ikuyu migrating to look for wor k,

AP Lit Essay Samples - How to Get the Most Out of Them

AP Lit Essay Samples - How to Get the Most Out of ThemIf you are a student who is just beginning your AP Lit essay writing career, you will be happy to know that there are many AP Lit essay samples that you can use for a variety of reasons. Students who are first-time essay writers should try to use these samples in order to help them hone their skills.In terms of materials, you may be surprised to learn that you don't have to borrow specific text books or even purchase them. This is an option that many college students choose when they want to save money on their studies. It's important to note, however, that if you choose to do this, you should make sure that you make the most of every opportunity that you are given.Another option that you may be interested in exploring is the ability to get your AP Lit essays online. It has never been easier to do so these days because of the explosion of software and online research resources. There are a number of websites that offer practice te sts and other tools that will help you better understand the parts of the essay that you need to work on.As with all resources, you will need to make sure that you utilize the best ones for practice. Some of the resources that you can use include online essays that you can read as you write. You may also be able to take online practice tests before you actually write your own. In some cases, it may even be possible to get online practice assignments or quizzes that you can complete in order to help you improve.Online practice is always a great way to test your skills and ensure that you are improving each time you take a stab at the assignment. By working online, you can keep yourself in the flow of the process. However, don't be tempted to use your online resources as a replacement for a real essay.Your paper shouldn't necessarily be longer than you need it to be. The best results will come from writing about what you know and not necessarily what you don't know. Since so much of y our essay will focus on your personal experiences, it's best to stick to your topic to begin with.The key to using AP Lit essay samples for better results is to make sure that you practice. Write for a few minutes each day to make sure that you are developing your skills and honing your writing skills. You will be glad that you took the time to learn how to write an essay online.The whole point of doing your homework and doing it well is to hone your skills for the essay writing that you are going to be doing on a regular basis. By taking advantage of the resources that are available to you, you will find that your future paper writing is much more productive. Take the time to find out exactly how to use essay writing samples to your advantage!

Vegetarianism

Vegetarianism Free Online Research Papers Vegetarianism is a practice that vegetarians follow, which includes a diet of vegetables, fruits and sometimes selected animal products such as cheese or milk. This is a belief that vegetarians follow with respect to different origins. There are vegetarians all around the world, they don’t share the same religion but their belief stays the same. Some people prefer to be a vegetarian by choice while others have no other choice because their religion forces them to be one. Everything in the world has advantages and disadvantages, vegetarianism is no exception. Since I am an omnivore, I strongly believe that one should include plants and animals in his diet. My personal reasons consist of the Islamic perspective along with the fact that I have been used to it since childhood. On the other hand, I will be stating arguments against my stand and then I shall provide points that will refute them, too. The supporters of vegetarianism defend their views by a variety of arguments. One argument is concerning the life-span of a vegetarian. According to Dywer, the life-span of a vegetarian compared to a non-vegetarian is either the same or even a bit higher. This has been concluded after having experimented for it. Another argument states that a strict vegetarian diet helps people from being away from various diseases. Moreover, it states that this happens due to having concentration of ingredients that help one to reduce the risk of such diseases. These ingredients include low saturated fat and hence, they have low cholesterol. In addition to this, research has showed that animal products have high concentrations of the above mentioned i.e. high cholesterol, which leads to various diseases ranging from heartburns to major heart diseases. A study of the environment states that vegetarianism contributes positively towards the environment. A contrast has been made between animals and plants by saying that farming animals requires a larger area of land whereas growing crops needs to have a comparatively smaller piece of land. Moreover, the same study states that having vegetables is more or less the same amount of calories. Vegetarianism also is a positive belief in terms of being economical. This is based on the fact that the production of meat is comparatively more expensive and that is the reason why it is sold for a higher price than vegetables. From the health point of view it is said that vegetables are far much better than animals. This is due to the mere reason that when animals are slaughtered they release chemicals which are later consumed by meat-eaters. This is a cause of concern for all meat-eaters because this is also harmful for their health. On the contrary, consuming plants does not harm the environment and also the consumers. Since the availability of food from non-living things is highly limited, it is justified for the human beings to get sustenance for their survival from living things including animals and plants. Humans beings, being superior to all the other creations on this earth, have been permitted by God to consume food from living sources. This being an injunction of God, there is no harm in killing animals and plants for food both of which are lower creations of God as compared to humans. The arguments against vegetarianism can be classified into three different groups such as nutrition, environmental and ethical. Meat contains fat and proteins which are very important for the human body, especially focusing on young children. Moreover, plants consist of carbohydrates that are a cause of diabetes if consumed in excess. If a person strictly follows a vegetarian diet he/she will consume it in excess and undesirably face the serious consequences. John Vanderveen, the director of the FDA’s office of plant, dairy food and beverages says that the more you restrict your diet, the more difficult it is to get the nutrients you need. Vegetarians who exclude all dairy and animal flesh products face the greatest nutritional risks, because some essential nutrients exist only in animal products. Vegetarians have been noticed to eat more than meat-eaters and this is mainly because of the fact that meat-eaters consume enough food so that they survive through till the other meal. On the other hand, vegetarian food does not suffice the human body and that is why it causes disorders and makes vegetarians eat twice as much as meat-eaters. In extreme cases it also is a cause of obesity. In terms of being economical because vegetarians consume more than meat-eaters they tend to grow more crops and spend extra harvesting them and then eating them. Consuming meat helps in maintaining the environmental balance. This is because if the consumption of meat stops then cattle will increase and there will be an imbalance between the supply and demand of the animals such as cows and sheep, etc. Moreover, plants are the main supply for the oxygen that is used by human beings and if they are used up completely or even in excess it can cause a shortage for humans, which will definitely be very harmful for surviving. With all due respect to Animal Rights, they consider animals to have equal rights as humans and though this is accepted by humans, animals are still seen feasting on other animals so this is a way of justifying why humans slaughter animals for their source of food. Moreover, since vegetarians fight for the fact that living things should not be killed and made a source for food it can also be argued plants are also a living creation of God so why is it fair to kill them and unfair to kill animals. In the religious perspective, keeping Islam in view, it is allowed to eat animals along with plants. Moreover, it is mentioned in the Qur’an that there are various things that nature has provided human beings with and that everything is allowed to and should be explored and tried. Certain animals are prohibited in Islam, which have their own reasons too. The Qur’an has usually been read as allowing the eating of meat, as in verse 5:1 which reads, â€Å"O you who have attained to faith! Be true to your convenants! Lawful to you is [the flesh of] every beast that feeds on plants, save what is mentioned to you [hereinafter]: but you are not allowed to hunt while you are in a state of pilgrimage. Behold, God ordains in accordance with his will.† Humans are meant to eat meat, it is part of them and this is backed by the fact that their jaw motion is created by God in such a way. The jaw motion of a carnivore is up and down while the jaw motion of an herbivore is sideways. This explains the fact why majority of the population in the world prefers eating meat. Moreover, this cannot be the only reason for people to choose meat over vegetables. In our ecosystem the term food chain refers to the transfer of matter and energy from a weaker organism to a stronger organism in the form of food. So, in the same way human consume certain animals for their survival and vegetarianism goes against this concept and the practice of vegetarianism on a mass scale would disrupt this natural process. Traditionally, it was argued by vegetarians that killing an animal for food is a greater sin than killing plants. According to them, the animals are higher species than plants and killing them is nothing but cruelty. But this argument can be refuted because plants themselves are living things having few senses like sense of touch and responds to stimuli. If killing animals is cruel than killing plants should also be considered as cruel as both are living things. In 1973, Dorothy Retallack’s tried experimenting with different types of music. She played rock to one group of plants and, soothing music to another. The group that heard rock turned out to be sickly and small whereas the other group grew large and healthy. What’s more surprising is that the group of plants listening to the soothing music grew bending towards the radio just as they bend towards the sunlight. In the final analysis, it can be easily concluded that meat eating is much superior to vegetable food. It gives us all the necessary nutrients for our growth and sustenance. Vegetarianism is a personal decision of an individual who sometimes escape from this routine by eating fish and chicken. 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Brainwashing Cases and Freedom of Religion

What is the primary question addressed in this article? What can we learn from this article? Primarily this article delves into detail about certain court cases involving high tolerance sects, referred to as â€Å"cults† and ex-members attempting to sue said cult for various different reasons. The most detailed cases described by the author are of cases in which the plaintiff is accusing the so-called cult of brainwashing the person into joining; seen in cases such as George v. ISKCON (International Society of Krishna Conciousness) as well as Molko and Leal v. The Unification Church [Richardson (1990): 3, 8]. The foremost problem that this presents is whether or not brainwashing is a successful practice that members of sects or â€Å"cults† use to bring in new members. A key person in most cases using the accusation of brainwashing in order to bring a case against a cult religion is Dr. Margaret Singer [Richardson (1990): 3]. She has been used to examine plaintiffs for their emotional distress, symptoms of mental disorders, and come to conclusions if indeed they were brainwashed. Many psychologists and sociologists disagree with her positions, having posted amicus curiae briefs in appeals courts attempting to limit use of â€Å"brainwashing† accusations in cult cases. These scholars claim that psychologists like Dr. Singer ignore a large portion of studies done on new religions that reveal it is unlikely that new members are coerced into joining [Richardson (1990): 2-3]. It represents the research that scholars have put into participants joining new religions voluntarily, for whichever reasons they feel to choose using their free will. This includes the fact that in the 1960’s many people chose different lifestyles that some would refer to as â€Å"hippies† or â€Å"beatniks† instead of what they believe is a hypocritical path following the Second World War and other stresses of the world. The brief also applied that groups such as the Hare Krishna and Unification church have a small number of members and have high drop-off rates; which if brainwashing were true means that they would be expanding rather than contracting [Richardson (1990): 9-10]. The George v. ISKCON case was successful in collecting emotional distress damages and wrongful death of the father (who had heart failure soon after his daughter was returned), totaling $2. 9 million for the plaintiffs. However, now in many courts the position of brainwashing is not accepted as an argument for cult cases [Richardson (1990): 8-9]. What is the next question this article may lead one to answer? A tempting question that this article may lead one to think about is whether or not such circumstances as those presented in court cases against religious sects takes away from their freedom of religion. It does not appear that a Catholic church would be taken to court for handing out pamphlets to spread word of their religion, nor Jehovah Witnesses for walking door to door with the same idea. However, whatever methods smaller sects use to gain more members seem to ultimately deal with lost members claiming them to have used mind control or coercive persuasion to attract the member. In the George case, the claim was that since the Krishna sect helped hide the 15 year old girl from her parents, they were in a sense kidnapping her. This does not take into account that the girl was physically abused and mistreated by her parents, even chained to her bedroom to restrain her from trying different religious practices [Richardson (1990): 6]. While that may not necessarily make the Krishna sect heroic, it does seem to provide insight that the girl was unable to explore religious freedom. In essence, she was not given the choice by her parents of which religion she would like to join, which is exactly how it was argued that ISKCON had brainwashed her; by not giving her freedom of choice. This has to deal with the economics of religion philosophy that humans will make rational choices depending on their knowledge, tastes and preferences. Whether George made a rational decision to join ISKCON in the eyes of her parents, it was a decision she was not obligated to make. Three Finals Questions 1. Name and briefly explain three positions that Dr. Margaret Singer took in the George v. ISKCON case that seem to contradict popular psychologist and sociologist opinion. Singer claims that brainwashing and coercive persuasion used by the accused cults can be likened to that of Korean prisoners of war and those of Chinese Communist reformers. However, there is notable difference that ‘cult brainwashing’ uses psychological coercion while Korean prisoners of war were physically coerced through torture and other extremes. Singer even argues that psychological coercion is more effective despite tons of research that points the opposite [Richardson (1990): 10]. Singer discounts the impact on behavior from George’s parents’ negative reaction to her desire to join the church including the physical abuse she was given. Discredited ISKCON by not recognizing it as a religion having religious practices, that the case did not involve freedom of religion at all, despite the plaintiff George’s claim that she did convert to the religion. Did not accept that the plaintiff may have biases or ulterior motives for the court case, despite only spending a small session with her and claiming that she believes the plaintiff was â€Å"trying to be honest† with her [Richardson (1990): 4]. Does not believe the time in which a patient is examined after the ‘brainwashing’ event is important [Richardson (1990): 6]. 2. Explain what arguments were made by scholars in their amicus curiae briefs in the appeals of cult/brainwashing cases. The Scientific Community agreement argues that a large portion of studies have been done on new religions that reveal it is unlikely that new members are brainwashed [Richardson (1990): 2-3]. This represents the research that scholars have put into participants joining new religions voluntarily, for whichever reasons they feel to choose using their free will. The brief also applied that groups such as the Hare Krishna and Unification church have a small number of members and have high attrition (drop-off) rates; which if brainwashing were true means that they would be expanding rather than contracting [Richardson (1990): 9]. . Explain why these cases provide trouble for the perspective of freedom of religion. Unreliable sciences such as the psychology used by Dr. Singer tend to contradict the majority of scholarly research on small sects, including the study that youth who have joined such a group normally turn out to be in better psychological health individually afterward [Richards on (1990): 10]. It seems as though because of her reputation as a professional psychologist, Dr. Singer can claim whatever she wants to about a religion, using her bias or simply a lack of knowledge, and collect a paycheck for it. Krishna leaders of India fear that â€Å"paying such a large judgment would force the Hare Krishna to sell most of its United States assets, thereby severely limiting its activities here, or even leading to closure of its operations† [Richardson (1990): 9] Cases successful in accusing a small sect of brainwashing can send a negative view to the general population of cults. According to a Gallup Poll, more Americans in a nationwide survey would be less comfortable with sects or cults as neighbors than any other ethnic or religious group in the survey [Richardson (1990): 17]. The general population appears to fear what they believe is brainwashing being done to children of the society and wants to attack religions they are unaware of.

Rehabilitation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rehabilitation - Essay Example This paper also explores the roles that the general environment plays in the success of rehabilitation treatments, including the roles that family, friends and the general society play in rehabilitation. (NIH; Mayo Clinic Staff; McLellan et al.; WebMD; National Library of Medicine; World Health Organization). II. Discussion There is an element to different forms of dependencies and illnesses, such as drug dependence and alcohol dependence, that is chronic and not easily treatable, and this implies that in many cases the focus and commitment of patients undergoing rehabilitation play a role in treatment outcomes. That the dependencies and illnesses are chronic and long-term also implies that those who are being treated must match the interest and the dedication of those offering help. This might be where general society, friends and family may fall short, because of the costs and the emotional and psychological consistency that is required for patients to become better over time. This may also be why treatments sometimes fail, as evidenced by the relapses observed in the medical and academic literature. Some patients become better for a time in relapse cases, but they sooner or later go back to old habits, whether those be dependencies or psychological and emotional dysfunctions. The relapses may be partly due to the lack of dedication on the part of the patients. This is recognized to such an extent that relapses are included as a necessary component of rehabilitation programs, and relapses are considered in all-inclusive treatment protocols that take into consideration the willingness of the patients to be treated. Recognizing that relapses are common and that patient attitudes factor into the success or failure of treatments also is an admission that dependencies, emotional and physical traumas, and other conditions that require rehabilitation are complex, and that many factors need to be considered in devising rehabilitation treatments and protocols that wor k. The reality of relapses point to human factors and patient attitudes and inclinations as outlying factors that affect treatment outcomes (NIH; Mayo Clinic Staff; McLellan et al.; WebMD). To be sure, there are aspects of various illnesses, such as drug dependence and the emotional and psychological traumas experienced by soldiers returning from war, that are physiological, and that in a way those who are seeking rehabilitation are those who admit that they don’t have total control of their will. They easily succumb to the temptations of their addictions, for instance, or that they have no willpower to get out of the psychological and emotional traumas that haunt them in the case of soldiers returning from war. This is recognized, and the literature suggests that science and medicine have progressed over the years to provide medications and other related interventions that treat those physical dependencies and allow patients to get over the physical aspects of their conditio ns. On the other hand, even with some effective drugs and treatments, the literature also suggests that treatment success rates remain inconsistent and varying, again taking us back to discussions on just how much effect the individual will power of the patients have in the success

Answer two questions Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer two questions - Personal Statement Example Amplification of signals makes them stronger than they are received2. Recent technologies also enable the changing of radio frequency that minimizes confusion of signals. An earth station sends uplinks that are received by a satellite. The satellite in turn amplifies the signal and sends downlinks that reach the earth station with minimal interruption. Positioning of the satellite and the quality of the receiver also determine if the distance between them will distort the signals. If two or more satellites are located near one another, there is a high chance  that the signals being sent to the earth might intersect and send wrong signals. The electromagnetic spectrums through which waves are transmitted are sensitive to blockages by the landscape3. If there are any landscape features blocking the spectrum, the signals might be distorted. The quality of receivers determines the accuracy in which the signal is received and interpreted4. In conclusion, distance affects the sending and receiving of signals. However, the modern technologies in signal transmission have overcome the issue. Use of amplification technology, sensitive receivers, and changing of wave frequency are solutions to overcoming the problems associated with